Organic Planting Technology Program

Organic planting is a kind of planting mode without synthetic chemicals, including chemical pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers, growth hormones, etc.

Organic farming aims to: cooperate with nature for recycling, reduce any pollution-causing activities, increase different types of wildlife, and maintain ecological balance. The problem with fertilizers is that most of the general chemical fertilizers provide the three most needed elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but plants also need many other trace elements, and only some fertilizers provide one or more elements other than nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

In this case, plants can only absorb the rest of the nutrients they need in the soil, so after a few years, these trace elements will become deficient, the health of plants will be damaged, and their growth will be restricted; on the contrary, organic fertilizers can supply all the elements needed by plants, and organic fertilizers are easily soluble in water, which not only reduces pollution and destroys the ecological balance, but also fertilizers are applied today, and some remain in the fields a few years later, the land planted organically will only become more and more fertile.

Problems with chemical pesticides

Chemical pesticides are easy to make insects resistant, because every time chemical insect drugs are used, there are always a small number of more tenacious insects can survive. Their generation will produce stronger resistance. In fact, most pesticides are lethal to many insects, even fish and birds at the same time. As a result of spraying chemical pesticides, not only the target pests will die, but also other beneficial or harmless organisms will be killed, resulting in the loss of balance in the number of various organisms and the spread of pests more easily. Unfortunately, eating fruits and vegetables containing excessive pesticides can lead to food poisoning and endanger human health.

organic fertilizer

Organic fertilizer provides sufficient and comprehensive nutrients for plants, so plants can grow healthily and luxuriantly, naturally with fewer diseases and insects. At the same time, organic matter can also improve the structure of soil, create an environment with good drainage, air circulation, water retention and fertilizer retention, making soil more suitable for microbial survival.

1. Homemade compost

Compost is a good fertilizer and soil conditioner for organic farming. In fact, in nature, every minute and every second microorganisms are decomposing organic matter and recycling materials. We do composting just to imitate the cycle of nature, and speed up the speed, will be originally called garbage but can be biodegradable things piled together, so that they are all kinds of biological decomposition, the useless organic matter recycling. Compost makes the soil nutrients can be more comprehensive supplement, so that plants grow better, the ability to resist diseases and insect pests will be relatively improved, the demand for insect drugs naturally reduced. Compost also provides food to the organisms in the soil, recycling organic waste, and reducing the pollution caused by the ecological environment.

1.1 raw materials

1.1.1 Materials not suitable for composting

a) Metal

B) Glass

c) Plastic

D) cats, dogs and human feces may have parasites. In theory, the high temperature (60-70 ℃) generated by the composting process is enough to kill such pests, but in case of carelessness, there is still a chance to survive and infect people.

e) Feces of sick animals

f) Livestock feces should be carefully contaminated with antibiotics, heavy metals and hormones.

g) diseased plants

h) For weeds that have blossomed and grown up, the growing part should be removed, otherwise the weeds will be widely scattered.

I) Color print

j) Large pieces of raw materials, such as wood and branches, may be broken up before use.

k) Other synthetic substances

1.1.2 Materials suitable for composting

a) Seaweed

B) Leaves and grass leaves

c) Vegetable leaves and raw pericarp

d) Wood chaff

e) Shearing paper

f) Lime

g) Egg shell

h) Meat, fish, food dross, but must prevent attracting cats, dogs and rats

Methods of 1.2 composting

1.2.1 Aerobic Composting

a) Insert four wooden strips into the mud, and nail iron nets on three sides.

B) Put branches in the ground for ventilation.

C) pile into the peel of vegetable leaves, etc., and then seal the fourth side with an iron net.

d) The bacteria will immediately act in the fertilizer heap to decompose the plant.

e) The volume of the fertilizer heap will decrease significantly and the temperature will increase.

f) Cover the roof with cloth or wooden boards to keep rainwater out.

g) Turn the heap every two weeks to introduce more air.

h) After about two to four months, the fertilizer pile will ripen and rot, and all the material will turn into dark brown wood bran, at which point the compost can be put into the mud for fertilizer.

1.2.2 Anoxic composting

Water and seal all ingredients in a container (optional black plastic bucket with lid), place the container in the sun, shake well, and use it for several months to one year.

1.2.3 Dead leaf compost

Put the collected dead leaves into a wire fence and wet them with water. Although the nutrients of dead leaf compost are not high, it is a good soil conditioner.

1.2.4 Earthworm composting:

Earthworm composting mainly uses the digestive power of earthworms to organic matter to eat the organic matter, and after digestion, it is excreted into smaller and simpler substances, and then these excretions are eaten again. The whole process is repeated many times, and finally the organic matter is changed into useful fertilizer.

Design of Earthworm Compost Box

A) plastic bucket: the raw materials of earthworm composting are contained. the active temperature of earthworms is 18-25 ℃. the bucket cover can be covered to block light and prevent insects such as flies from laying eggs on the compost, or prevent earthworms from being hunted by other animals.

B) wet cloth paper: several layers of wet cloth paper on the raw material have moisturizing effect, because earthworms need a thin layer of water on their bodies when breathing, but they should not be too wet to cause hypoxia.

C) leaf debris: chopped vegetable leaves are more easily eaten and digested by earthworms.

d) Breathable plate: separate the compost from the sandstone layer.

e) Sand and gravel layer and hydrophobic holes: used for hydrophobic ventilation to prevent oxygen deficiency caused by excessive accumulation of water, because earthworm activities need a lot of oxygen.

F) earthworms: earthworms in general soil are available.

1.3 important factors affecting the composting process

1.3.1 Air

The microorganisms in the fertilizer pile need air, so they must be turned from time to time. The more frequently they are turned, the more sufficient the air supply will be. If they can be turned every day, the time required for ripening and rotting can be shortened. It is best to have a layer of branches or gravel at the bottom of the fertilizer pile to drain the gas. Raw materials that will stick together after wetting, such as leaves and grass leaves, are easy to cause hypoxia and are not easy to decompose. Therefore, they should be mixed with other materials before being put into the fertilizer pile.

1.3.2 Water

The fertilizer pile should not be too dry, otherwise it is not suitable for microbial activity, nor should it be too wet, because it will cause hypoxia, slow decomposition and produce foul odor. The manure pile should be kept moist, just like twisting a sponge dry, and sprinkle water slightly when it is too dry.

1.3.3 Temperature

The compost can be heated to 60-70°C within five days. Under high temperature conditions, microorganisms are active, the decomposition rate is high, and pests, pathogens and weed seeds can be killed. In order to maintain the fastest speed of decomposition, proper insulation is necessary. An old carpet, hemp bag or a layer of soil can be added to the top of the fertilizer pile.

1.3.4 Volume

The larger the compost insulation easier, but too large is difficult to handle, the smallest effective volume of one cubic meter.

1.3.5 Microorganisms

There are a lot of microorganisms in the raw materials and soil.

1.3.6 Time

According to the weather, raw materials, accelerators, methods and other factors, it varies from two to eight weeks in the south. When the color of the fertilizer pile turns dark and the original ingredients cannot be distinguished, the compost is already in a ripe and rotten state and can be used.

Application of 1.4 compost

1.4.1 Mix in mud

Mixing the compost with the soil can effectively improve the structure of the soil.

1.4.2 Sprinkle on the mud surface for root protection

Anything that is spread on a mud surface to slow water loss and curb weed growth can be called a root mulch, such as compost, wood bran, bark, broken bricks, gravel, newspaper, paper skin, and tape.

a) Effect of mulch cover

Slow water loss

Contain the growth of weeds, so it can help keep the field clean.

Keep the soil temperature moderate

Helps maintain the structure of the soil and reduces the chance of soil erosion

If the mulch is a biodegradable material (such as compost, wood chaff), it can increase the nutrition of the soil.

B) Mulch with mulch

First, the soil is drenched with water, and then the root mulch is spread on the soil. If dry and finely divided materials are used, such as wood chaff, straw, leaves, etc., the thicker the cover, the better. Thick flaky things can also be used as root mulch, such as carpets.

1.4.3 Manufacture of liquid fertilizer

Put a bag of decomposed compost into a bucket of water. After two or three days, when the water turns brown, it can be sprayed on the leaves. If the color of the compost water is too dark, it should be diluted to light tea, otherwise it is easy to burn the crops.

2. Green manure

Green manure is specially planted to make fertilizer crops, usually some fast-growing, easy to rot plants, or legumes, because of its nitrogen fixation can be converted into nitrogen fertilizer in the air to stay in the mud, clover, barley, alfalfa and beans can be used as green manure. It is best to hoe into the mud before the plants grow old, because the old plants will consume the nitrogen in the soil first during the decomposition process.

3. Other fertilizers

3.1 peanut bran

Peanut bran is the dregs of peanuts after being squeezed for oil. It has a clear peanut flavor and is rich in nitrogen fertilizer.

a) Peanut bran powder

Peanut bran powder is not decomposed fertilizer, applied to the soil before the decomposition of microorganisms. During the decomposition process, it will rob nitrogen and heat. If it is too close to the plant, it is easy to burn, so it should be avoided in the seedling stage. In summer, the temperature is higher, the microbial decomposition speed is fast, and the heat generated by the process will be more, so it should be used carefully, or soybean bran can be used instead. Dosage: 0.5-2kg per 10 square meters or apply a pinch in a flowerpot.

B) Peanut bran water

Put 1 part of peanut bran powder into 15 parts of water and let it decompose in anoxic environment. After 2-12 months, it can be used as liquid fertilizer. The longer the time, the higher the degree of ripening and rot, the less likely it is to burn plants. The peanut bran water is diluted about seven times before use. After application, it must be drenched immediately.

3.2 soybean bran

Soybean bran is the dregs of soybeans after being extracted for oil and is rich in nitrogen fertilizer. In the process of microbial decomposition, grab nitrogen and fever than peanut bran powder light, so the summer can be used as a substitute for peanut bran.
Dosage: 0.5-2.5kg per 10 square meters or apply a pinch to the flowerpot.

3.3 Corner Pieces

Corner-coated tablets are sliced horns, which are rich in phosphate fertilizer. Corner clothing is more difficult to decompose fertilizer, so it is generally used as base fertilizer. Dosage: 0.5-1.5kg per 10 square meters or apply several tablets to flowerpots.

3.4 bone meal

Bone meal is crushed cow bone, rich in phosphate fertilizer and calcium

Dosage: 0.5-1.5kg per 10 square meters or apply a pinch to the flowerpot.

3.5 plant ash

Plant ash is burned out of ash, rich in potassium fertilizer.

Dosage: 160-50 grams per 10 square meters or apply a pinch in a flowerpot.

3.6 seaweed

Seaweed is rich in nitrogen, potassium, more than 69 kinds of trace elements, plant hormones and enzymes that can stimulate plants to absorb phosphorus more effectively. At the same time, it can resist antibacterial diseases and improve soil quality. It can be directly buried in mud, put into compost box, add water to make seaweed water or put on mud surface for root protection and coverage.

3.7 Shikao

Shikao is a fast-growing perennial herb whose roots can penetrate deep into the soil layer and bring nutrients from the secondary soil layer to the topsoil. Shikao is rich in nitrogen and potassium, leaves less fiber, easily decomposed.

Usage: It can be directly put into mud, put into fertilizer pile, or put into mud surface for root protection and covering. It can also be made into shikao water. 250 grams of shikao leaves are added with 12 liters of water to cover and seal. It can be diluted and used after 4-5 weeks.

3.8 lime

Lime can be used to adjust the pH value of the soil, containing magnesium carbonate, excessive use will make the soil alkali, so before application should be used to test the pH value of the soil with acid-base test paper.

Dosage: 0.5-1.5kg per 10 square meters, no more than 3kg per 10 square meters per year.

3.9 egg shell

Egg shells are rich in calcium.

Dosage: 1-5kg per 10 square meters per year or directly buried in the flowerpot.

4. Organic pest control

4.1 preventive measures

4.1.1 make plants grow healthy

Balanced nutrients, sufficient water, and appropriate planting density can all make crops grow healthily, inhibit the reproduction of pests, and directly or indirectly reduce pests.

4.1.2 Timely planting

Planting in the right climate can make plants healthier and avoid the active period of pests and reduce pests.

4.1.3 Maintain environmental sanitation

Remove weeds, post-harvest remnants, rotten plants and fruits from the field to reduce parasitism.

4.1.4 Wheels/Interspecies

Take turns to plant different plants (rotation); At the same time, the plants are scattered to plant, mixed with other plants (interplanting), pests will not be able to find enough food, not easy to multiply. Such as intercropping plants have special odors such as onions, garlic and other herbs, it can be more effective in repelling insects.

4.2 biological control

The use of organisms to control pests, which may include plants that attract natural enemies of pests, insects that prey on pests, insect-harboring insects of pests, or organisms that make pests sick.

Insect-eating animals, such as spiders, predators, centipedes, frogs, toads and bats, as well as ladybirds and some of the more difficult to observe with the naked eye, such as parasites and pests of various types of microorganisms, we should encourage them to stay, in addition to not harassing them, should try to avoid spraying any toxic substances.

4.2.1 Exploitation of natural enemies in the local environment

4.2.2 Purchase of Natural Enemies

Bacillus (BT)

Bacillus (BT) is a microorganism whose spores can survive in nature for two or three days, but die in less than 24 hours under sunlight. It can produce a kind of toxic crystals. When pests eat them, the crystals will break up in the insect's stomach, releasing toxins, immediately paralyzing the insect's intestines and stopping it from eating. At the same time, spores will germinate and multiply in the insect's blood, causing the insect to die. BT is effective for the larvae of a variety of insects, but before use, it is necessary to recognize whether BT is a target pest, and the amount and frequency of use should also be careful. If BT is used indiscriminately, it can also make pests resistant.

Usage: The dosage of BT water can be sprayed on the leaf surface and leaf bottom according to the packaging instructions. BT fails quickly at 32°C and under strong sunlight, so it should be applied at dusk and the leaf bottom should be sprayed centrally.

4.2.3 Sex attractant (Pheromone)

Insects are very sensitive to the odors of the opposite sex, and males can tell the direction and position of females from miles away. If the female sex hormone of individual insects is put into the trap, it can be used to catch male insects.

lure of diamondback moth agent:

The lure of the diamondback moth can be used to trap the adult of the male diamondback moth or the hanging worm. Use a general glue basin as a trap, with yellow as the best, about 10cm high, about 25cm in diameter, full of water. The sex attractant is tied to the center of the basin with an iron wire, about 5cm from the water surface. The validity period of sex attractant is generally not less than 30 days, and it will not lose its effectiveness due to rain; it is usually replaced once a month. It is advisable to add a small amount of soap or detergent to the basin to reduce the tension on the water surface, so that pests cannot fly again after falling into the water.

4.2.4 诱剂 (Attractant)

Insects have a special preference for certain odors, such as sugar water or rotten melons and fruits. If lures with these odors are put into traps, pests can be trapped.

Melon fruit fly attractant (also known as gram fly Cuelure):

Melon fly traps can be used to trap male melon flies. Use the rubber cup, wire and cotton sliver to make the trap, and soak the sliver into the lure. In good weather, it only needs to be applied once every two to three weeks.

4.3 physical control

4.3.1 Direct Hand Catch or Shake

Prepare a pair of gloves and a bucket of soapy water, will catch insects or even leaves into the water, soap can reduce the surface tension of the water, making it difficult for insects to escape from the water.

4.3.2 Water

Spray the plants with a strong water jet, but be careful not to break the plants. Potted plants can also be taken out outdoors in heavy rain, which can directly kill or damage pests or knock them off the plants. This method is suitable for dealing with pests that are soft and easily damaged or that are not easy to climb up the plant once knocked down.

4.3.3 Protection net

As long as the selection of appropriate mesh nets, such as gauze, mosquito nets, nylon nets or fishing nets), can effectively prevent all kinds of flying pests or birds contact plants. Use bamboo branches, iron wires, iron branches or aluminum to set up supports, then spread the net, cover the edges with mud, and tie up the tunnel entrances and exits. Such as planting melons and fruits, melons and fruits can be good with mesh bags.

4.3.4 Hard paper ring/rubber ring/rubber bottle

Can use toilet paper tube, plastic bottle or own hard cardboard manufacturing. The seedlings are covered until the plants grow up, and the paper circle is half buried in the mud and half in the mud. This method can prevent insects in the mud from biting off seedlings where the stem contacts the soil.

4.3.5 Tree Ring

Used against pests and snails that can only crawl but not fly. Cut a strip of cloth 30cm wide enough to wrap around the tree for a circle and a half, tie it in the middle with a rope, turn the upper part of the strip against it, make it impossible for insects to climb over, coat the tree ring with raw glue, check it once a week, and clean up the sticky insect remains.

4.3.6 Paper sleeve/rubber sleeve

Use a paper sleeve or gelatin sleeve to cover the fruit. The end of the rubber sleeve is best to open to allow the fruit to breathe. This method can effectively prevent pests from touching the fruit.

4.3.7 Yellow adhesive plate

Many insects like yellow. First, apply bright yellow lacquer oil on hard paper, wood skin or rubber skin, then apply raw rubber or stick double-sided adhesive paper. Place the adhesive board at the height as plants. The attracted insects will be adhered, and the glue or adhesive paper will need to be replaced once a week or several weeks.

4.3.8 Yellow basin

The principle is the same as the yellow sticky board. Add a little soap to the basin and the attracted insects will be soaked to death.

4.3.9 Bait

Bury a shallow basin or flat pot in the mud until the edge of the basin or pot is at the same level as the soil, and then pour bait into the basin. Beer, spoiled cheese, yeast and water or milk and water can be used as bait. A cover can be added to prevent other animals from drinking or being diluted by rain, but remember to leave enough space for pests to climb in. Snails and slugs like the smell of fermentation, and passing snails and slugs can be soaked to death if they fall into a trap by mistake. Come to check once a day or the next morning, clean the shallow basin and inject new bait.

4.3.10 Reflective paper

When the reflective paper is suspended in the field, it will give off a flash when the wind blows, which can scare birds or certain insects, such as thrips.

4.4 natural insect medicine

Most natural insect drugs can only be effectively controlled if insects eat them directly or contact them directly. Moreover, these insect drugs are used to deal with some kinds of pests. Before using them, it is necessary to recognize what kind of pests are causing harm. Indiscriminate or excessive use can also make pests resistant.

4.4.1 Soapy water

Soap can paralyze insects and affect their growth and development. General soap can have the same effect, soapy water can also be used as an adhesive.
Dosage: One teaspoon to one tablespoon of soapy water with 4.5 liters of water, can be applied once every one to two weeks, but should not exceed three times.

4.4.2 Alcohol semen

Suitable for plants with thick waxy epidermis on the foliage, be careful to test whether the concentration is suitable before it can be applied to the whole plant.

Dosage: Dilute to 15-25%(1 part 70% alcohol plus 2-4 parts clear water), which can be used with soapy water.

4.4.3 Pepper, Garlic, Onion, Chilli, Fennel, Ginger Mixture

The above materials are mashed or chopped into velvet, diluted with water and sprayed on the leaves. After rain or drenching water, they must be applied again. Insects that do not like these special odors will naturally be driven away.

4.4.4 Fish vine

The sap of the roots of the leguminous plant, Drivine, is a slow-acting, but effective neuroanesthetic for a variety of organisms. Djavies are not soluble in water and are harmful to animals or can cause itchy or paralyzed skin. However, it is extremely unstable in sunlight, air and water, so it will fail within a week.

Dosage: soak the fish vine in water for one to two days, soak it, hammer it with a wooden stick, soak it back in water, twist it dry, hammer it again until the fish vine is smashed to a fiber, add water and soapy water, the ratio is 4:225:1, number of fish vine juice: water: soapy water)